Reconstruções mamárias: estudo retrospectivo de 16 anos / Breast reconstructions: a 16-year retrospective study

Introdução: Câncer de mama é o segundo tipo mais comum de câncer entre mulheres no Brasil. Estimam-se 59.700 casos novos de câncer de mama para o biênio 2018-2019. Reconstrução mamária é um procedimento seguro e vários procedimentos cirúrgicos são descritos para sua realização: técnicas conservadoras, retalhos de vizinhança, materiais aloplásticos, retalhos miocutâneos pediculados e microcirúrgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os casos de reconstrução mamária pósmastectomia por câncer de mama, realizados em um período de 16 anos. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de prontuários de pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária pós-mastectomia por câncer de mama, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: No período analisado, 586 pacientes foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária. Em 160 pacientes a reconstrução mamária foi realizada com retalho miocutâneo do músculo retoabdominal (TRAM), 107 com técnicas conservadoras, 156 com retalho miocutâneo do músculo grande dorsal (RGD), 113 com próteses e 50 secundárias. Previamente a outubro de 2007, a porcentagem de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias bilaterais, somando-se TRAM e RGD, era de 30%, e a partir desse período a porcentagem passou para 83,3%. Houve algum tipo de complicação ou intercorrência em 203 (34,64%) pacientes operadas, totalizando de 335 complicações. Grande maioria apresentou intercorrências tratadas ambulatorialmente sem necessidade de reabordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão: Houve aumento da incidência de cirurgias bilaterais, fato atribuído ao aumento das mastectomias profiláticas na mama contralateral e aumento do número de reconstruções utilizando RGD em comparação com o TRAM, bem como o aumento significativo das reconstruções com implante de silicone.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women in Brazil. An estimated 59,700 new cases of breast cancer were reported in the 2018­2019 biennium. Breast reconstruction is a safe procedure, and various surgical procedures have been described, including conservative techniques and use of neighborhood flaps, alloplastic materials, and pedicled and microsurgical myocutaneous flaps. The objective of this study was to analyze cases of breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer performed over a period of 16 years. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer between January 2002 and December 2017. Results: Within the study period, 586 patients underwent breast reconstruction. Breast reconstruction was performed with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous muscle (TRAM) flap in 160 patients, with conservative techniques in 107 patients, with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDMF) in 156 patients, with prostheses in 113 patients, and secondarily in 50 patients. Before October 2007, the proportion of patients who underwent bilateral surgeries with a TRAM flap and LDMF was 30%, and since then, the percentage has increased to 83.3%. One or more types of complications occurred in 203 patients (34.64%) who underwent surgery, with a total of 335 complications . Most outpatient complications did not require surgical reassessment. Conclusion: The incidence of bilateral surgery increased, which is attributed to the increase in the number of prophylactic mastectomies in the contralateral breast and in the number of reconstructions using a LDMF compared with that using a TRAM flap. A significant increase in the number of reconstructions with silicone implants was also observed.

Reconstrução de pálpebra inferior com uso do retalho de transposição da pálpebra superior de espessura total / Reconstruction of the lower eyelid using a full-thickness upper eyelid transposition flap

Introdução: O melhor método para reconstruir uma unidade anatômica é substituir a área lesada pelos mesmos tecidos. Métodos: Três pacientes que apresentavam carcinomas basocelulares na pálpebra inferior foram submetidos à excisão, seguida de reconstrução imediata com a transposição em espessura total de tecido da pálpebra superior em um só tempo. Resultados: Os pacientes evoluíram quase sem complicações, as pálpebras mantiveram suas funções de fechamento total e proteção do globo ocular. Conclusão: O retalho se mostrou factível e é mais uma alternativa para reconstruir a pálpebra inferior.

Introduction: The best method to reconstruct an anatomical unit is to replace the injured area with the same tissues. Methods: Three patients with basal cell carcinoma in the lower eyelid underwent full-thickness lower eyelid excision, followed by immediate reconstruction with a single-stage fullthickness transposition of the upper eyelid tissue. Results: The patients had almost no complications, and the functions of total closure and protection of the eyeballs of the eyelids were maintained. Conclusion: The flap proved to be feasible and is an alternative choice for reconstruction of the lower eyelid.

Acetabular reconstruction in paprosky type iii defects / Reconstrução acetabular em defeitos por paprosky tipo iii

ABSTRACT Objectives: Severe pelvic deficiency presents a difficult problem in hip arthroplasty. Specifically, the goals are to restore the pelvic bone stock, place the acetabular component in the correct anatomical position, and optimize joint stability. Currently, many surgical techniques have been developed for prosthetic revision surgery for acetabular complex defects, but no consensus has been reached on the best treatment. The objective of this study was to review mid-term cases of severe bone defect (Paprosky type III) treated with a bone allograft and ring Bursch-Schneider anti-protrusion cage (BSAC). Methods: A retrospective consecutive series review of the first 23 complex acetabular reconstructions performed between 2006 and 2011 was conducted. The series included the learning curve of the procedure and a minimum 5-year follow-up. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the efficacy of using a frozen morselized allograft combined with a metal ring-type BSAC for acetabular reconstruction. The anatomical location of the center of rotation of the hip must be recovered for long-term success. In massive loosening cases, the anatomical center of rotation can only be restored by bone density reconstruction using a graft protected by a ring to improve the centering of the head. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivos: A deficiência pélvica severa apresenta um problema difícil na artroplastia do quadril. Especificamente, os objetivos são restaurar o estoque ósseo pélvico, colocar o componente acetabular na posição anatômica correta e otimizar a estabilidade da articulação. Atualmente, existem muitas técnicas cirúrgicas para a cirurgia de revisão protética em defeitos do complexo acetabular, mas não há consenso sobre o melhor tratamento. Os objetivos deste trabalho são revisar casos de médio prazo operados por apresentar defeito ósseo grave (Paprosky tipo III) tratado com aloenxerto ósseo e gaiola anelar Bursch - Schneider anti protusio (BSAC). Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva consecutiva das primeiras 23 reconstruções acetabulares complexas realizadas entre 2006 e 2011. Esta série inclui a curva de aprendizado do procedimento e tem um acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos. Conclusão: Em conclusão, nosso estudo confirma a eficácia do uso de aloenxerto morselado congelado combinado com um anel de metal tipo BSAC durante a reconstrução acetabular. É necessário recuperar o centro de rotação do quadril em sua localização anatômica para o sucesso a longo prazo. Em casos de soltura maciça, o centro anatómico de rotação só pode ser restaurado pela reconstrução da densidade óssea usando um enxerto protegido por um anel que melhora a centralização da cabeça. Nível de Evidência tipo IV, Série de Casos.

Resultados postoperatorios de cierre quirúrgico de perforación septal con injertos de cartílago / Surgical outcome of nasal septal perforation repair with cartilage grafts

Introducción: las perforaciones septales y su corrección quirúrgica constituyen un reto para los otorrinolaringólogos. Se encuentran descritas en la literatura diferentes técnicas para el cierre de las perforaciones septales; sin embargo, sus resultados en términos de efectividad son muy variables y con pocos pacientes. Desde hace 8 años se viene realizando la técnica de cierre de perforación septal con injertos de cartílago en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital San José y se ha observado una respuesta clínica exitosa. Objetivo: describir los resultados postoperatorios de los pacientes manejados con la técnica de cierre quirúrgico de perforación septal con injertos de cartílago, en términos de aparición de complicaciones y frecuencia de perforación septal residual. Diseño: estudio de tipo cohorte descriptiva. Metodología: se describe una cohorte de pacientes manejados con la técnica de cierre quirúrgico de perforación septal con injertos de cartílago de banco o cartílago autólogo. Se incluyeron pacientes a partir de enero de 2014 a junio de 2018. Se extrajeron de la historia clínica los datos demográficos, clínicos, complicaciones y presentación de perforación septal residual. Resultados: la tasa de éxito de cierre de perforación septal fue de 78,3 %; siendo las etiologías más frecuentes antecedente de cirugía e idiopática. La complicación más común fue epistaxis en el 26 % de los pacientes, seguida de dolor en el 21,7 % en el postoperatorio mediato, el cual mejoró en los controles posteriores. Conclusión: los resultados con la técnica de cierre de perforación septal con injerto de banco fueron satisfactorios en esta población.

Introduction: septal perforations and surgical correction are a challenge for ENT specialists. Several techniques for closing septal perforations are described in the literature; however, its results in terms of effectiveness are very variable and with small sample sizes. The technique of closure of septal perforation with cartilage grafts has been performed for 8 years in the ENT department of San José Hospital with a successful clinical response. Aims: to describe the postoperative results of patients managed with the technique of surgical closure of septal perforation with cartilage grafts, in terms of complications and frequency of residual septal perforation. Design: descriptive cohort study. Methods: a cohort of patients managed with the surgical closure technique of septal perforation with grafts of bank cartilage or autologous cartilage are descrived. Patients were included from January 2014 to June 2018. Demographic, clinical data, complications and presentation of residual septal perforation were extracted from the clinical history Results: The success rate of septal perforation closure was 78.3%; being the most frequent etiologies antecedent of surgery and idiopathic. The most common complication was epistaxis in 26% of patients, followed by pain in 21.7% in the postoperative period, which improved in subsequent controls. Conclusion: the results with the technique of closure of septal perforation with bank grafting were satisfactory in this population.

Deep sternal wound infections: Evidence for prevention, treatment, and reconstructive surgery

Median sternotomy is the most popular approach in cardiac surgery. Post-sternotomy wound complications are rare, but the occurrence of a deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) is a catastrophic event associated with higher morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. A literature review was performed by searching PubMed from January 1996 to August 2017 according to the guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The following keywords were used in various combinations: DSWI, post-sternotomy complication, and sternal reconstruction. Thirty-nine papers were included in our qualitative analysis, in which each aspect of the DSWI-related care process was analyzed and compared to the actual standard of care. Plastic surgeons are often involved too late in such clinical scenarios, when previous empirical treatments have failed and a definitive reconstruction is needed. The aim of this comprehensive review was to create an up-to-date operative flowchart to prevent and properly treat sternal wound infection complications after median sternotomy.

Indocyanine green fluorescence videoangiography for reliable variations of supraclavicular artery flaps

BACKGROUND: Pedicled flaps are useful for reconstructive surgery. Previously, we often used vascularized supraclavicular flaps, especially for head and neck reconstruction, but then shifted to using thoracic branch of the supraclavicular artery (TBSA) flaps. However, limited research exists on the anatomy of TBSA flaps and on the use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence videoangiography for supraclavicular artery flaps. We utilized ICG fluorescence videoangiography to harvest reliable flaps in reconstructive operations, and describe the results herein. METHODS: Data were retrospectively reviewed from six patients (five men and one woman: average age, 54 years; range, 48–60 years) for whom ICG videoangiography was performed to observe the skin perfusion of a supraclavicular flap after it was raised. Areas where the flap showed good enhancement were considered to be favorable for flap survival. The observation of ICG dye indicated good skin perfusion, which is predictive of flap survival; therefore, we trimmed any areas without dye filling and used the remaining viable part of the flap. RESULTS: The flaps ranged in size from 13×5.5 cm to 17×6.5 cm. One patient received a conventional supraclavicular flap, four patients received a TBSA flap, and one patient received a flap that was considered to be intermediate between a supraclavicular flap and a TBSA flap. The flaps completely survived in all cases, and no flap necrosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The TBSA flap is very useful in reconstructive surgery, and reliable flaps could be obtained by using ICG fluorescence videoangiography intraoperatively.

Soft tissue reconstruction in wide Tessier number 3 cleft using the straight-line advanced release technique

Craniofacial cleft is a rare disease, and has multiple variations with a wide spectrum of severity. Among several classification systems of craniofacial clefts, the Tessier classification is the most widely used because of its simplicity and treatment-oriented approach. We report the case of a Tessier number 3 cleft with wide soft tissue and skeletal defect that resulted in direct communication among the orbital, maxillary sinus, nasal, and oral cavities. We performed soft tissue reconstruction using the straight-line advanced release technique that was devised for unilateral cleft lip repair. The extension of the lateral mucosal and medial mucosal flaps, the turn over flap from the outward turning lower eyelid, and wide dissection around the orbicularis oris muscle enabled successful soft tissue reconstruction without complications. Through this case, we have proved that the straight-line advanced release technique can be applied to severe craniofacial cleft repair as well as unilateral cleft lip repair.

Single vertical incision thoracoabdominal flap for chest wall reconstruction following mastectomy of locally advanced breast cancer

PURPOSE: Skin grafts have been widely used in managing extensive chest wall defects after mastectomy for advanced breast cancer. However, their durability and tolerability to radiotherapy is still controversial. A thoracoabdominal (TA) flap with a few technical refinements can safely transfer a larger flap while minimizing complications. METHODS: From January 2007 to February 2018, a retrospective review was performed to compare 2 groups after wide breast excision: skin graft group (group 1) and lateral-based, single vertical incision rotation-advancement TA flap (group 2). Patients' demographics, operative details, complications, hospital stay, postoperative outpatient visits, cost, and start of adjuvant therapy were analyzed between the 2 groups. RESULTS: During the study period, 34 patients received skin graft and 41 patients received TA flap. group 2 had a shorter hospital stay (6.41 ± 2.64 days vs. 12.62 ± 4.60 days, P 1 year was observed in 4 patients in only group 1 (43.90% vs. 38.24%, P = 0.613). CONCLUSION: TA flap has a simple design that minimizes concerns involving the donor site. Moreover, it does not require complicated procedures and allows for re-elevation whenever necessary. Finally, it guarantees faster wound recovery than skin graft with fewer complications.

Tatuagem associada ao retalho em C-V para reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar em tempo único / Tattooing associated with C-V flap placement in one-stage reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex

Introdução: A reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar (CAP) é etapa fundamental no tratamento do câncer de mama. Tipicamente, é realizada em dois tempos distintos, sendo primeiro a papila reconstruída e somente após sua completa cicatrização que a tatuagem é realizada. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo realizado no período de 2015 a 2016 no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS. Foram incluídas 21 pacientes com ausência do CAP unilateral. É descrita a técnica de reconstrução da papila com retalho local em C-V associado à tatuagem para pigmentação do CAP em tempo único. Foram apresentados os dados referentes ao tipo de reconstrução mamária realizada, às complicações e à presença de radioterapia prévia. Resultados: A maioria das pacientes foi reconstruída com implante (48%). Houve três complicações relacionadas à papila (14%), uma necrose parcial e duas deiscências pequenas. Não houve complicação relacionada à tatuagem. Onze pacientes (52%) haviam realizado radioterapia prévia na mama. Conclusão: A tatuagem associada ao retalho em C-V em tempo único é uma técnica simples e com baixo índice de complicações.

Introduction: Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) is a fundamental step in the treatment of breast cancer. It is usually performed in two distinct stages. Tattooing is performed only after reconstruction and complete scarring of the nipple. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 at the Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul. Twenty-one patients with a single NAC were included. One-stage reconstruction of the nipple using a local C-V flap associated with tattooing for pigmentation of the NAC is described. Data on the type of breast reconstruction performed, associated complications, and presence of previous breast radiotherapy were presented. Results: Most patients (48%) underwent reconstruction with an implant. Three complications (14%) were observed in the nipple, including one case of partial necrosis and two cases of small dehiscence. None of the patients had complications due to tattooing. Eleven patients (52%) underwent breast radiotherapy previously. Conclusion: Tattooing combined with one-stage reconstruction using a C-V flap is a simple technique with a low rate of complication.

Cranioplasty Using Autologous Bone versus Porous Polyethylene versus Custom-Made Titanium Mesh : A Retrospective Review of 108 Patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the cosmetic outcome and complications after cranioplasty (CP) due to three different implant materials, and analyze the mean implant survival and cumulative survival rate based on these results. METHODS: We reviewed 108 patients retrospectively who underwent CP between January 2014 and November 2016. Autologous bone (AB; 45 patients) and synthetic materials with porous polyethylene (PP; 32 patients) and custom-made 3-dimensional printed titanium mesh (CT; 31 patients) were used as implants. RESULTS: Regardless of implanted materials, more than 89.8% of the CP patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups. The overall postoperative complication rates of each group were 31.1% in the AB group, 15.6% in the PP group and 3.2% in the CT group. The CT group showed lower complication rates compared with AB and PP groups (χ2-test : AB vs. PP, p=0.34; AB vs. CT, p=0.00; PP vs. CT, p=0.03). The AB and PP groups demonstrated a higher post-CP infection rate (11.1% and 6.3%) than the CT group (3.2%). However, no significant difference in the incidence of post-CP infection was observed among the three groups. The PP and CT groups demonstrated a higher mean implant survival time and cumulative survival rate than the AB group at the last follow-up (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In comparison with AB and PP, cranioplasty with CT shows benefits in terms of lower post-CP complication, less intraoperative bleeding loss, shorter operation time and in-hospital stay. The PP and CT groups showed higher implant survival time and cumulative survival rate compared with the AB group.

Effect of bone flap reduction on unilateral acute subdural hematoma under intracranial pressure monitoring / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of bone flap reduction on unilateral acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) under intracranial pressure monitoring.Methods A retrospective case control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 139 patients with unilateral ASDH admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from July 2014 to December 2017.There were 84 males and 55 females,aged 19-87 years (mean,53 years).At the time of admission,the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 3-5 points in 63 patients and 6-8 points in 76.There were 40 patients with unilateral cavity dilation and 16 cases with bilateral pupil dilation.According to the different surgical methods,the patients were divided into study group (n =61) and control group (n =78).The study group removed the cranial hematoma under cranial pressure monitoring and determined whether to perform bone flap reduction according to the actual intracranial pressure.The control group was treated with craniotomy hematoma removal and standard large bone decompressed craniectomy (DC).The success rate of bone flap reduction in the study group was recorded.The complications at postoperative 3 months and the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at postoperative 6 months were compared.Results All patients were followed up for 1-6 months,average 5.5 months.In the study group,23 patients underwent bone flap reduction,and the bone flap reduction rate was 38％.At postoperative 3 months,the study group showed better efficacy in subdural effusion (9:25),hydrocephalus (7 ∶19),and brain swelling in the skull defect area(5 ∶ 18) than the control group (P ＜0.05).Based on the GOS at 6 months after operation,in the study group,25 patients were with good results,nine with moderate disability,10 with heavy disability,seven with plant survival,and 10 died;in the control group,six patients were with good results,21 with moderate disability,15 with heavy disability,10 with plant survival,and 26 died.The number of patients with good prognosis (good and moderate disability) and the number of deaths in the study group were statistically different from those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclsion In the treatment of unilateral ASDH,bone flap reduction under intracranial pressure monitoring can reduce the incidence of complications and improve the life quality of patients.

Cranioplasty Using Autologous Bone versus Porous Polyethylene versus Custom-Made Titanium Mesh : A Retrospective Review of 108 Patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the cosmetic outcome and complications after cranioplasty (CP) due to three different implant materials, and analyze the mean implant survival and cumulative survival rate based on these results.METHODS: We reviewed 108 patients retrospectively who underwent CP between January 2014 and November 2016. Autologous bone (AB; 45 patients) and synthetic materials with porous polyethylene (PP; 32 patients) and custom-made 3-dimensional printed titanium mesh (CT; 31 patients) were used as implants.RESULTS: Regardless of implanted materials, more than 89.8% of the CP patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups. The overall postoperative complication rates of each group were 31.1% in the AB group, 15.6% in the PP group and 3.2% in the CT group. The CT group showed lower complication rates compared with AB and PP groups (χ2-test : AB vs. PP, p=0.34; AB vs. CT, p=0.00; PP vs. CT, p=0.03). The AB and PP groups demonstrated a higher post-CP infection rate (11.1% and 6.3%) than the CT group (3.2%). However, no significant difference in the incidence of post-CP infection was observed among the three groups. The PP and CT groups demonstrated a higher mean implant survival time and cumulative survival rate than the AB group at the last follow-up (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: In comparison with AB and PP, cranioplasty with CT shows benefits in terms of lower post-CP complication, less intraoperative bleeding loss, shorter operation time and in-hospital stay. The PP and CT groups showed higher implant survival time and cumulative survival rate compared with the AB group.

Surgical repair of bad eye state caused by double eyelids line scars / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#In order to explore the method to correct double eyelids line scars and to present its therapeutic schedule, curative effects, pathogenesis and precautions.@*Methods@#Surgical incisions were designed based on preoperative communication, original scars location and skin elasticity. Scar contracture and synechia was relaxed thoroughly. The pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower incision margin was fixed to the pretarsal fascia on the new designer location of double eyelid line to firm shape. Complete pretarsal layer tissue were joined layer by layer with interrupted suture. Finally, the skin was sutured closely by locking stitch technique.@*Results@#From November 2014 to September 2016, 583 eyes with unsatisfied double eyelid scars were treated. Patients were followed up for 3 months to 1 year with sustained aesthetic. There is no visible man-made crease in 549 eyes under eye-closed state. Less than 1 mm wide scars with smooth surface were showed on 19 eyelids. Mild depressed or more than 1 mm wide scars still remained in 15 eyes with improved appearance.@*Conclusions@#Unsatisfied appearance caused by double eyelids line scars must be paid highly attention in clinical setting. The appearance can be effectively improved by proper surgical procedures and appropriate suture and fixation.

A Case of Tracheal Defect Reconstruction Using Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Invading Tracheal Cartilage / 대한이비인후과학회지

When a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma invades the adjacent organ, the treatment of choice is en bloc surgical resection. After tracheal resection, the tracheal defect can be repaired in various ways. Depending on the invasion depth of the tumor or the defect circumference of the trachea, primary closure, reconstruction of surrounding muscles, or end-to-end anastomosis can be used. A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion. The patient was treated by total thyroidectomy with tracheal window resection of the invading trachea. The defect was reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh free flap. At 12 months after surgery, the patient leads a social life without any discomfort and has an acceptable voice. This case is reported along with associated techniques and reviews of related articles.

Pectus excavatum e assimetrias mamárias: correção com mamoplastia de aumento / Pectus excavatum and breast asymmetry: correction with breast augmentation

Introdução: O pectus excavatum é definido com uma depressão aproximando o esterno e as cartilagens costais à coluna vertebral. Existem diversas teorias em relação à etiologia; a mais aceita consiste no crescimento exagerado das cartilagens costais, causando um deslocamento posterior do esterno e consequente depressão. Dentre as formas de tratamento, encontra-se a correção das assimetrias mamárias utilizando próteses mamárias de silicone em pacientes sem sintomas cardiopulmonares, apenas com queixa estética. Métodos: Foram revisados os registros em prontuários e registros fotográficos de oito casos de pacientes femininas com diagnóstico de pectus excavatum operadas em um hospital privado na região Sul do Brasil, que procuravam o serviço com queixas estéticas locais, e não apresentavam queixas cardiorrespiratórias. Resultados: Seis casos foram submetidos somente à inclusão de prótese mamária. Uma paciente havia colocado prótese havia 15 anos, sendo essa substituída por novo implante, no mesmo plano. Outra paciente já havia realizado cirurgia de correção de pectus descrito por Nuss, 10 anos antes, vindo a consulta com queixa de hipomastia e assimetria. O tipo anestésico preferido foi a anestesia geral, em cinco dos casos. O plano de inclusão de prótese na quase totalidade dos casos foi o subglandular. Somente uma paciente apresentou complicação (seroma). Conclusões: Evidenciamos, na nossa amostra, que a inclusão de prótese mamária em pacientes com pectus excavatum é capaz de trazer resultados estético harmônicos, atenuando e/ou mascarando o defeito torácico, com resultados estéticos satisfatórios para os pacientes.

Introduction: Pectus excavatum is defined as a depression approaching the sternum and costal cartilages to the spine. Several theories explain its etiology, the most accepted of which is the exaggerated growth of the costal cartilages, which causes a posterior displacement of the sternum and consequent depression. The treatment includes correction of breast asymmetries by using silicone breast implants in patients without cardiopulmonary symptoms, only with esthetic complaints. Methods: We reviewed the medical and photographic records of eight female patients diagnosed as having pectus excavatum, who underwent operation at a private hospital in the southern region of Brazil. These women sought consultation for local esthetic complaints and had no cardiorespiratory complaints. Results: Six patients submitted only for breast prosthesis placement. One patient had a prosthesis implanted 15 years before, which was replaced by a new implant in the same plane. Another patient had undergone pectus repair with Nuss surgery 10 years before, and the patient came to the hospital with a complaint of hypomasty and asymmetry. The preferred anesthesia was general anesthesia in five of the cases. The prosthesis inclusion plane in almost all the cases was subglandular. Only one patient had a complication (seroma). Conclusions: In our sample, the placement of breast prostheses in the patients with pectus excavatum brought harmonic esthetic results, attenuating and/or masking the chest defect, with satisfactory esthetic results for the patients.

Managing Complications in Abdominoplasty: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Abdominoplasty, with or without liposuction, is among the most frequently performed aesthetic procedures. Its main objective is to improve the body contour by means of excising redundant skin and fat tissue. Although abdominoplasty is considered a safe procedure with high satisfaction rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications can become a challenge for the surgical team. The aim of this article is to offer a synopsis of the most common complications arising after abdominoplasty, along with evidence-based guidelines about how to prevent and treat them. METHODS: A systematic MEDLINE search strategy was designed using appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, and references were scanned for further relevant articles. RESULTS: According to the published case series, local complications are considerably more common than complications with systemic repercussions. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients suffer a local complication following abdominoplasty, while fewer than 1% suffer a systemic complication. Prevention and management strategies are critically discussed for complications including seroma, haematoma, infection, skin necrosis, suture extrusions, hypertrophic scars, neurological symptoms, umbilical anomalies, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, respiratory distress, and death. CONCLUSIONS: The complications of abdominoplasty vary in severity and in the impact they have on the aesthetic outcomes. Recommendations for prevention and management are based on various levels of evidence, with a risk of observer bias. However, most complications can be treated appropriately following the current standards, with satisfactory results.

Managing Complications in Abdominoplasty: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Abdominoplasty, with or without liposuction, is among the most frequently performed aesthetic procedures. Its main objective is to improve the body contour by means of excising redundant skin and fat tissue. Although abdominoplasty is considered a safe procedure with high satisfaction rates, intraoperative and postoperative complications can become a challenge for the surgical team. The aim of this article is to offer a synopsis of the most common complications arising after abdominoplasty, along with evidence-based guidelines about how to prevent and treat them. METHODS: A systematic MEDLINE search strategy was designed using appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, and references were scanned for further relevant articles. RESULTS: According to the published case series, local complications are considerably more common than complications with systemic repercussions. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients suffer a local complication following abdominoplasty, while fewer than 1% suffer a systemic complication. Prevention and management strategies are critically discussed for complications including seroma, haematoma, infection, skin necrosis, suture extrusions, hypertrophic scars, neurological symptoms, umbilical anomalies, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, respiratory distress, and death. CONCLUSIONS: The complications of abdominoplasty vary in severity and in the impact they have on the aesthetic outcomes. Recommendations for prevention and management are based on various levels of evidence, with a risk of observer bias. However, most complications can be treated appropriately following the current standards, with satisfactory results.

Usefulness of a Transconjunctival Approach in the Reconstruction of the Medial Blow-Out Wall Fracture

BACKGROUND: A transcaruncular approach is typically used for reconstructions of medial wall fractures. However, others reported that a transconjunctival approach was conducive for securing an adequate surgical field of view. In this study, we aimed to examine the extent of repair of medial wall fracture via a transconjunctival approach. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 50 patients diagnosed as having medial wall fracture via preoperative computed tomography and who underwent surgery between March 2011 and February 2014. The fracture location was defined by dividing each of the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior distances into three compartments. RESULTS: A transcaruncular approach was used in 7 patients, while the transconjunctival approach was performed in the remaining 43 patients. The transconjunctival approach enabled a relatively broad range of repair that partially included the front and back of the medial wall, and was successful in 86% of the entire study population. CONCLUSION: It is known that more than 50% of total cases of the medial wall fracture occur mainly in the middle-middle portion, a majority of which can be reconstructed via a transconjunctival approach. We used a transconjunctival approach in identifying the location of the fracture on image scans except for cases including the fracture of the superior portion in patients with medial wall fracture. If it is possible to identify the location of the fracture, a transconjunctival approach would be an useful method for the reconstruction in that it causes no damages to the lacrimal system and is useful in confirming the overall status of the floor.

Repair soft-tissue defect in forefoot with reversed lateral soleus muscle flap / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize clinical application results of repair soft tissue defect in forefoot with a reversed lateral soleus muscle flap on peroneal artery pedicle.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2005 to January 2013, 8 patients with soft-tissue defect on forefoot were underwent reconstruction with a reversed lateral soleus muscle flap on peroneal artery pedicle. There were 6 males and 2 female, aged from 16 to 48 years with an average of 26.8 years old. The reversed lateral soleus muscle flap was transposed to the forefoot defect area, then immediate coverage of the muscle flaps were performed by a meshed split-thickness free skin graft. The donor site was closed directly. The muscle flap survey was observed after the repair of the forefoot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All muscle flaps had survived completely. No clinical vascular deficiency was found on muscle flaps postoperatively. One case occurred recipient area sustained insignificant superficial infection, one patient developed distal muscle flap small skin graft necrosis, and spontaneous heal by 2 weeks' change dressing. Follow-up period was ranged form 2.5 to 5.5 years with an average of 3.5 years postoperatively. A good contour was confirmed at the recipient area. According to Cedell questionnaire, 6 patients obtained good results and 2 fair.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>When the local skin flap or muscle flap application is limited, lateral soleus muscle flap survey is satisfactory after repair and very suitable for repair of soft tissue defect of forefoot.</p>

Anatomic and functional reconstruction of the spinal posterior column after resection of intraspinal neoplasms / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the operative outcomes of anatomic and functional reconstruction of the spinal posterior column after resection of intraspinal neoplasms.Methods From January 2010 through October 2014,we treated 32 patients with intraspinal neoplasm in the spine.They were 18 men and 14 women,13 to 62 years of age (average,38 years).The neoplasm was detected in the cervical spine in 10 cases,in the thoracic spine in 14 and in the lumbar spine in 8.All cases received expansive open door laminoplasty via the posterior approach for resection of the intraspinal neoplasm,followed by replantation and titanium plate fixation for anatomic and functional reconstruction of the spinal posterior column.The neural functional recovery,spinal motion and sagittal diameter of the spinal canal before and after operation,spinal stability and graft fusion were observed.Results The patients were followed up for 3 to 23 months (average,13 months).All the intraspinal neoplasms were completely resected.The Frankel grading of neural functional recovery was improved differently in all the cases.By the final follow-ups,the spinal motion was normal in all the cases,without any significant limitation.Graft fusion and rigid internal fixation were achieved in all the cases.Short-term follow-ups revealed no signs of spondylolisthesis or spinal instability.At the final follow-ups,the 3-D CT reconstruction showed no significant shortening in the sagittal diameter of the same spinal canal before and after operation (P ＞0.05).Conclusions For intraspinal neoplasm in the spine,the whole vertebral lamina is opened or removed via the posterior approach to resect the neoplasm,followed by reduction of the vertebral lamina and mini titanium plate fixation to reconstruct the anatomy and function of the original spine.This is an ideal way to treat intraspinal neoplasms in the spine.